ABSTRACTFrom the internet to robotics,technology is changing the way people live and learn.As new technologies become over more critical to people lives,it is important to support people in their roles as leaners,explorers and workers.
Engineering, much like science, is a broad discipline which is often broken down into several sub-disciplines. These disciplines concern themselves with differing areas of engineering work. Although initially an engineer will be trained in a specific discipline, throughout an engineer's career the engineer may become multi-disciplined, having worked in several of the outlined areas. Historically the main Branches of Engineering are categorized as follows:
Aerospace Engineering - The design of aircraft, spacecraft and related topics. . .
Electrical Engineering - The design of electrical systems, such as transformers, as well as electronic goods.
Mechanical Engineering - The design of physical or mechanical systems, such as engines, powertrains, kinematic chains and vibration isolation equipment.
With the rapid advancement of Technology many new fields are gaining prominence and new branches are developing such as Computer Engineering, Software Engineering, Nanotechnology, Molecular engineering, Mechatronics etc. These new specialties sometimes combine with the traditional fields and form new branches such as Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics and Electrical and Computer Engineering.
For each of these fields there exists considerable overlap, especially in the areas of the application of sciences to their disciplines such as physics, chemistry and mathematics
INTRODUCTION
The history of computer
The Jacquard loom was one of the first programmable devices.
The history of the modern computer begins with two separate technologies - that of automated calculation and that of programmability.
Examples of early mechanical calculating devices included the abacus, the slide rule and arguably the astrolabe and the Antikythera mechanism (which dates from about 150-100 BC). The end of the Middle Ages saw a re-invigoration of European mathematics and engineering, and Wilhelm Schickard's 1623 device was the first of a number of mechanical calculators constructed by European engineers. However, none of those devices fit the modern definition of a computer because they could not be programmed
A computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions.Computers take numerous physical forms. The first devices that resemble modern computers date to the mid-20th century (around 1940 - 1945), although the computer concept and various machines similar to computers existed earlier. Early electronic computers were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers.[1] Modern computers are based on comparatively tiny integrated circuits and are millions to billions of times more capable while occupying a fraction of the space.[2] Today, simple computers may be made small enough to fit into a wristwatch and be powered from a watch battery. Personal computers in various forms are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as "a computer"; however, the most common form of computer in use today is the embedded computer. The ability to store and execute lists of instructions called programs makes computers extremely versatile and distinguishes them from calculators. Therefore, computers with capability and complexity ranging from that of a personal digital assistant to a supercomputer are all able to perform the same computational tasks given enough time and storage capacity. Originally, the term "computer" referred to a person who performed numerical calculations (a human computer), often with the aid of a mechanical calculating device.
OBJECTIVE
1.The aims of this project are to introduce the hardware/software interface models and the hardware structures used in designing computers as well in engineering
2.To express the development of strong skills in the area of information technology which is important in all courses:
Certain skills such as academic skills equip us with the tools that we need to do well in our studies.the possession of a particular skill set is increasingly demanded by employers (so called employability skills).
the development of skills provides a useful framework for us to reflect on our own development, this self-awareness is vital to future success.
METHODOLOGY
Example in design of a turbine requires collaboration from engineers from many fields.
Engineers apply the sciences of physics and mathematics to find suitable solutions to problems or to make improvements to the status quo. If multiple options exist, engineers weigh different design choices on their merits and choose the solution that best matches the requirements. The crucial and unique task of the engineer is to identify, understand, and interpret the constraints on a design in order to produce a successful result. It is usually not enough to build a technically successful product; it must also meet further requirements. Constraints may include available resources, physical, imaginative or technical limitations, flexibility for future modifications and additions, and other factors, such as requirements for cost, safety, marketability, productibility, and serviceability. By understanding the constraints, engineers derive specifications for the limits within which a viable object or system may be produced and operated.
Problem solving using computers in engineering
Engineers use their knowledge of science, mathematics, and appropriate experience to find suitable solutions to a problem. Engineering is considered a branch of applied mathematics and science. Creating an appropriate mathematical model of a problem allows them to analyze it (sometimes definitively), and to test potential solutions. Usually multiple reasonable solutions exist, so engineers must evaluate the different design choices on their merits and choose the solution that best meets their requirements. Genrich Altshuller, after gathering statistics on a large number of patents, suggested that compromises are at the heart of "low-level" engineering designs, while at a higher level the best design is one which eliminates the core contradiction causing the problem.
Engineers typically attempt to predict how well their designs will perform to their specifications prior to full-scale production. They use, among other things: prototypes, scale models, simulations, destructive tests, nondestructive tests, and stress tests. Testing ensures that products will perform as expected. Engineers as professionals take seriously their responsibility to produce designs that will perform as expected and will not cause unintended harm to the public at large. Engineers typically include a factor of safety in their designs to reduce the risk of unexpected failure. However, the greater the safety factor, the less efficient the design may be.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
computer use
A computer simulation of high velocity air flow around the Space Shuttle during re-entry.
As with all modern scientific and technological endeavors, computers and software play an increasingly important role. As well as the typical business application software there are a number of computer aided applications (CAx) specifically for engineering. Computers can be used to generate models of fundamental physical processes, which can be solved using numerical methods.
One of the most widely used tools in the profession is computer-aided design (CAD) software which enables engineers to create 3D models, 2D drawings, and schematics of their designs. CAD together with Digital mockup (DMU) and CAE software such as finite element method analysis allows engineers to create models of designs that can be analyzed without having to make expensive and time-consuming physical prototypes. These allow products and components to be checked for flaws; assess fit and assembly; study ergonomics; and to analyze static and dynamic characteristics of systems such as stresses, temperatures, electromagnetic emissions, electrical currents and voltages, digital logic levels, fluid flows, and kinematics. Access and distribution of all this information is generally organized with the use of Product Data Management software.[15]
There are also many tools to support specific engineering tasks such as Computer-aided manufacture (CAM) software to generate CNC machining instructions; Manufacturing Process Management software for production engineering; EDA for printed circuit board (PCB) and circuit schematics for electronic engineers; MRO applications for maintenance management; and AEC software for civil engineering.
Application
Office suite
Word processing, Desktop publishing, Presentation program, Database management system, Scheduling & Time management, Spreadsheet, Accounting software
Internet Access
Browser, E-mail client, Web server, Mail transfer agent, Instant messaging
Design and manufacturing
Computer-aided design, Computer-aided manufacturing, Plant management, Robotic manufacturing, Supply chain management
Graphics
Raster graphics editor, Vector graphics editor, 3D modeler, Animation editor, 3D computer graphics, Video editing, Image processing
Audio
Digital audio editor, Audio playback, Mixing, Audio synthesis, Computer music
Software Engineering
Compiler, Assembler, Interpreter, Debugger, Text Editor, Integrated development environment, Performance analysis, Revision control, Software configuration management
Educational
Edutainment, Educational game, Serious game, Flight simulator
CONCLUSION
Certain skills such as academic skills equip us with the tools that we need to do well in our studies.the possession of a particular skill set is increasingly demanded by employers (so called employability skills). (html file missing for employability skills)
the development of skills provides a useful framework for us to reflect on our own development, this self-awareness is vital to future success.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of ALLAH, Most Gracious, Most Merciful with the truth,”The Holly Qura’an(002.042)
We would like to express deep sense of gratide and the acknowledgment for the advice and guidance given by the supervisior En. Zukimee Hj Mat Junoh and Pn. Noor Maizatul Akmar. They are infinite patience coupled with firm but gentle manner that motivate us to work hard,that enable us to complete this project at the time specified.
Special thanks goes to our family especially our parents ,for their love, support and encouragement .To all of our friends ,thanks for their support and attention .To all members of our group ,thanks for every useful information and the ideas in helping us to finish this project.And a special thanks for them for always give a full support ,advices,spirits and encouragement ,without them the present study would have been impossible.
Last but not least,to all of the academics school of metallurgy of UniMap for their help and kindness .Final thanks for our friend that have been helping to complete this nad sharing happiness and sadness together and never forget all their help,economically,emotionally and physically.
REFERENCES:
1. Barry J. Kemp, Ancient Egypt, Routledge, 2005, p.159
2. Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary, 2000, CD-ROM, version 2.5.
3. Wright, M T, 2005 ,Epicyclic Gearing and the Antikythera Mechanism, part 2,2003
4. Van Every, Kermit E,1986, "Aeronautical engineering". Encyclopedia Americana 1. Grolier Incorporated. 2006.
5. Wheeler, Lynde, Phelps,2003,p.786
6. Stephen J.Chapman,Java For Engineers And Scientists ,2004,p.676
7. Etter,Engineering problem solving and C++,2003,p.67
8. Antonakos,Strutured for engineering and technology,2001,p.42
9. ECPD definition fe 2446, pp. 456: Engineers' Council for Professional Developmentrom acronym finder
10. ABET History
11. Science, Volume 94, Issu
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